Kesner Pharel: la crise politique menace la survie des petites entreprises

Written by on May 22, 2022

Publié le 2022-05-20 | lenouvelliste.com L’économiste Kesner Pharel a fait le bilan du premier Sommet international de la finance post-Covid réalisé avec la présence de participants dans des salles. Satisfait de la 12 e édition de l’évènement, l’économiste se montre toutefois préoccupé par l’absence d’ « une solution à la crise politique qui entrave l’évolution des micro, petites et moyennes entreprises (MPME) dont plusieurs propriétaires ont perdu leurs capitaux et ont dû fermer leurs portes ».

Que retenez-vous du Sommet international de la finance de cette année?

Nous avons ainsi choisi la formule hybride puisque les 10e et 11e éditions ont été très suivies par des milliers d’internautes en Haïti et dans quelque dix autres pays. La reprise dans un hôtel de la capitale a été réalisée sur invitation et on avait fait le choix des étudiants universitaires qui ont répondu à l’appel.

Pour cette 12e édition, nous avons maintenu les deux plateformes mises en place au cours de l’édition précédente, ce qui a permis d’avoir plus de panels au cours des trois journées. Quelque 40 panels avec plus de 70 intervenants, dont une trentaine de femmes. Des intervenants dans au moins 4 pays et des milliers d’internautes dans près de dix pays. L’internationalisation de l’événement nous oblige à établir une machine bien huilée composée de plusieurs firmes locales (fastforward, chokarella,…) pour offrir un service de qualité mondiale.

Quelles présentations vous ont marqué ?

Il serait plus facile de répondre « toutes les présentations ». Mais il y en a qui ont été particulièrement créatives comme celles sur les PME et l’éducation supérieure, les PME et l’industrie sportive, les PME et la commande publique, les PME et fiscalité incitative, les défis et contraintes des PME exportatrices évoluant dans le milieu rural haïtien, le modèle de Junior Stock Exchange à la Jamaïque, pour ne citer que celles-là.

Cette année, on a facilité la participation des «madan sara», des intermédiaires importants dans l’économie locale, qui ont fait bonne impression au cours de ce Sommet.

Nous sommes également honorés d’avoir des interventions de deux principaux responsables de l’économie haïtienne : le ministre de l’Economie et des Finances et le gouverneur de la banque centrale prenant des engagements concernant la thématique choisie : Financer les micro, petites et moyennes entreprises. Ils ont eu à faire des annonces importantes après leur récente participation aux réunions de printemps de la Banque mondiale et du FMI.

Le Sommet portait sur les MPME, qu’est-ce qui a été dit d’essentiel sur ce type d’entreprise en Haïti ?

Le panel d’ouverture a été animé par deux experts de la Banque mondiale, Amadou Dem et Anouk Pechevy, qui ont fait une analyse comparative de l’importance des PMEs dans différents niveaux de pays. Dans les pays riches, 40% des emplois sont créés par les PME contre plus de 50% pour les pays émergents ; et pour les pays à faibles revenus, plus de 60%. L’étude de la Banque mondiale explique qu’en raison de la faible productivité, les salaires des employés dans les MPME sont faibles et ne leur permettent pas de sortir de la pauvreté, ce qui devrait être l’objectif final. Ces entreprises fonctionnent de façon informelle et ne bénéficient pas ainsi du support de l’Etat lorsque ce dernier est disponible.

On a discuté également de la nécessité d’impliquer les MPME dans la commande publique pour qu’elles puissent bénéficier d’opportunités du budget national et du budget municipal. Ceci demande un certain regroupement des propriétaires de ces organisations pour influencer les décisions politiques et défendre leurs intérêts. Les « madan sara » présentes au cours des trois journées ont eu la possibilité de discuter avec le ministre des Finances et le gouverneur de la Banque de la République d’Haïti (BRH) pour présenter leurs points de vue.

Les principales autorités fiscales et monétaires ont reconnu l’importance des MPME et ont rappelé des mesures en cours et annoncé de nouvelles mesures pour supporter cette catégorie d’entreprises.

A-t-on proposé des idées nouvelles ou de nouvelles stratégies pour permettre aux MPME de résister aux chocs du milieu haïtien, voire de grandir dans ce contexte de crise multiforme ?

Le difficile environnement des affaires dans lequel les MPME évoluent en Haïti pose de sérieux problèmes pour les responsables. Ils peuvent être considérés comme de véritables héros au cours des quatre dernières années, particulièrement ceux dans la grande région méridionale du pays. Il y a une forte décapitalisation de certains entrepreneurs du pays. D’ailleurs beaucoup d’entre eux ont dû fermer leurs portes.

Nous avons utilisé un document réalisé pour le pays en 2016 par Michael Porter, le célèbre professeur de Harvard University, expliquant l’importance de l’environnement des affaires pour faciliter la productivité et la compétitivité ; deux facteurs fondamentaux pour que les MPME puissent améliorer leurs chiffres d’affaires et assurer un meilleur contrôle des coûts de production.

La crise politique qui n’arrive pas à trouver une solution définitive de la part des différents protagonistes alimente de plus en plus des risques pour les MPME, menaçant leur survie. L’étude de la Banque mondiale présentée au cours de l’événement a révélé que les MPME ont une durée de vie assez courte, environ cinq ans.

Nous avons encouragé aussi l’adoption de l’important concept de « chaîne de valeur » qui encourage le renforcement des liens entre les différentes catégories d’entreprises dans une industrie comme l’agriculture. Ce concept devrait inciter les acteurs les plus importants dans une industrie à travailler avec les entreprises petites et moyennes pour créer de la valeur ajoutée (la richesse) et favoriser un partage équitable de cette richesse entre les multiples partenaires.

Un autre point important discuté dans le Sommet est l’importance du « business support » aux MPME, à savoir un appui pour renforcer la gouvernance de ces entreprises. On a parlé de l’environnement des affaires qui pose problème pour les MPME en Haïti. C’est une condition nécessaire mais pas suffisante. Les leaders des MPME en Haïti doivent comprendre que le « management » est une science et il doit être intégré dans leur organisation pour qu’ils puissent générer des profits indispensables pour leur survie. Un regroupement de ces entreprises pourrait leur faciliter l’acquisition de services essentiels de support à des coûts moindres.

Que représentent les MPME dans l’économie haïtienne d’aujourd’hui ?

Les MPME sont loin d’être négligeables dans l’économie haïtienne. Elles affichent les mêmes caractéristiques que celles des pays à faibles revenus qui créent la majorité des emplois (plus de 60%), mais qui ne sont pas bien rémunérés. Il faut mettre le focus sur l’aspect qualitatif car la finalité, c’est la qualité de vie de la population. D’où la nécessité de se concentrer sur d’autres facteurs comme l’éducation, la santé, les infrastructures, le marché du travail. Des politiques publiques doivent être établies, harmonisées et appliquées. Les relations intersectorielles dans les filières et industries et des partenariats privé-public doivent être renforcées pour que la richesse créée dans les différents maillons de la chaîne de valeur soit partagée de façon plus équitable.

A partir du Sommet (interventions et débats), comment voyez-vous les perspectives pour les acteurs ?

Il reste beaucoup à faire. D’abord, une solution à la crise politique qui entrave l’évolution des MPMEs dont plusieurs propriétaires ont perdu leur capital et ont dû fermer les portes. On n’arrive pas à maintenir la faible quantité d’emplois créés dans l’économie haïtienne, comme l’a souligné le gouverneur de la BRH. Pendant que les pays les plus avancés ont pu apporter leur soutien à cette catégorie d’entreprises, ceci n’a pas été le cas des pays comme Haïti dégradant ainsi la santé financière de ces entreprises et affectant en outre celle de certains intermédiaires financiers.

Au niveau interne, les leaders des MPMEs devront prendre conscience de leurs faiblesses et identifier les mesures correctives pouvant contribuer à l’amélioration de leur performance.

Une caisse populaire a été honorée, SUCCES, comment voyez-vous la connexion entre le secteur corporatif et le reste de l’économie ?

Nous avons entamé cet exercice depuis quatre ans. La reprise de ce secteur par la Banque de la République d’Haïti (BRH) après la crise connue au début des années 2000 a donné lieu à des résultats très positifs. En effet, l’établissement de la loi du 26 juin 2002 sur les coopératives d’épargne et de crédit a conduit les autorités monétaires à mettre en place au sein de la banque centrale une unité spécialisée pour assurer la supervision des CEC avec la même rigueur que les banques commerciales.

Les gagnants de ce prix annuel des coopératives d’épargne et de crédit au niveau du Sommet sont : Caisse Populaire COOPECLAS de Lascahobas dans le Plateau central en 2017 ; Caisse Populaire Sainte-Anne de Camp-Perrin (CAPOSAC) dans le département du Sud en 2018 ; Kès Popilè Espwa Gwo Mòn (KPEGM) en 2019 et Caisse Populaire SUCCES dans le département du Sud-Est en 2022.

Le Sommet ne s’accompagne pas d’annonce, les entreprises haïtiennes et le secteur public se font plutôt discrets pendant le Sommet. Comptez-vous les inciter à utiliser la plateforme pour annoncer des initiatives, des projets, des résultats d’études ou d’enquêtes ?

On ne fait pas de grandes annonces en général après le Sommet. C’est un espace de réflexions qui devrait intéresser autant le monde académique que celui des affaires. Mais l’absence de créativité et d’innovation des uns et le manque d’intérêt des autres pour ne pas parler de conservatisme expliquent leur discrétion dans leur engagement au niveau du Sommet. Nous maintiendrons notre travail d’encourager des débats économiques et financiers au plus haut niveau pour placer le pays sur la voie du développement. Nous ne pouvons pas les forcer à agir et à jouer le rôle de leadership nécessaire pour faciliter la croissance indispensable en vue d’améliorer les conditions de vie de la population.

Quels bilans pour 2022 et que visez-vous déjà pour 2023 ? Le panthéon de la finance est en veilleuse, pourquoi et qu’en sera-t-il l’année prochaine ?

Nous n’avons pas intronisé de nouveaux membres au cours des trois dernières éditions du Sommet au niveau de la Galerie d’Honneur de la Finance d’Haïti suite à l’émergence de la crise sanitaire en 2020. On compte le faire au cours de la prochaine édition. Je profite de l’occasion pour rappeler les membres de la Galerie : Guito Toussaint et Carl F. Braun (2011), Gladys Coupet et Henri Bazin (2012), Joseph Paillant et Pierre Marie Boisson (2013), Mireille Mérové Pierre, Charles Clermont et Lhermite François (2014), Adrien Castra, Jean Philippe Prosper et Jean-Marie Claude Pierre-Louis (2015), Marie Carmelle Jean-Marie et Bonivert Claude (2016), Maxime D. Charles (2017), Robert Paret (2018) et Charles Castel (2019).

Nous avons aussi pensé à honorer depuis 2016 des jeunes femmes de moins de quarante ans évoluant dans le secteur financier qui représentent des leaders émergents. Celles qui ont été choisies : Mica Pierre Bruno (2016), Fabienne Rimpel (2017), Shella Ludia Fleurantin (2018) et Willyne Myrthil Silias (2019).

Propos recueillis par Frantz Duval


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